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  设计模式之桥接模式
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  <p>桥接模式</p>
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<h2 id="桥接模式"><a href="#桥接模式" class="headerlink" title="桥接模式"></a>桥接模式</h2><p>桥接模式（Bridge Pattern）也称为桥梁模式、接口（Interfce）模式或柄体（Handle and Body）模式，是将抽象部分与它的具体实现部分分离，使它们都可以独立地变化，属于结构型模式。</p>
<p>解释：解耦抽象和实现，使得两者可以独立的变化。</p>
<p>桥接模式主要目的是通过组合的方式建立两个类之间的联系，而不是继承。但又类似于多重继承方案，但是多重继承方案往往违背了类的单一职责原则，其复用性比较差，桥接模式是比多重继承更好的替代方案，桥接模式的核心在于解耦抽象和实现。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注：此处的抽象并不是指抽象类或接口这种高层概念，实现也不是继承或接口实现。抽象与实现其实指的是两种独立变化的维度。其中，抽象包含实现，因此，一个抽象类的变化可能涉及到多种维度的变化导致的</p>
</blockquote>
<p>UML图如下</p>
<p><img src="https://tu.dxysun.com/image-20210421234355429-20210421234357.png" alt="image-20210421234355429"></p>
<p>桥接模式主要包含四种角色</p>
<p>抽象（Abstraction）：该类持有一个对实现角色的引用，抽象角色中的方法需要实现角色来实现。抽象角色一般为抽象类（构造函数规定子类要传入一个实现对象）；</p>
<p>修正抽象（RefinedAbstraction）：Abstraction的具体实现，对Abstraction的方法进行完善和扩展；</p>
<p>实现（Implementor）：确定实现维度的基本操作，提供给Abstraction使用。该类一般为接口或抽象类；</p>
<p>具体实现（Concretelmplementor）：Impementor的具体实现。</p>
<h3 id="桥接模式的通用写法"><a href="#桥接模式的通用写法" class="headerlink" title="桥接模式的通用写法"></a>桥接模式的通用写法</h3><p>创建实现角色Implementor类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">interface</span> <span class="title">Implementor</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">operation</span><span class="params">()</span></span>;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>创建抽象角色Abstraction类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">abstract</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Abstraction</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">private</span> Implementor implementor;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">Abstraction</span><span class="params">(Implementor implementor)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">this</span>.implementor = implementor;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">operation</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		implementor.operation();</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>创建修正抽象角色RefinedAbstraction类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">RefinedAbstraction</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">Abstraction</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">RefinedAbstraction</span><span class="params">(Implementor implementor)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">super</span>(implementor);</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">operation</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">super</span>.operation();</span><br><span class="line">		System.out.println(<span class="string">"refined operation"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>创建具体实现ConcretelmplementorA类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">ConcreteImplementorA</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title">Implementor</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">operation</span><span class="params">()</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		System.out.println(<span class="string">"ConcreteImplementorA"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>测试代码</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Main</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">	</span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">		ConcreteImplementorA concreteImplementorA = <span class="keyword">new</span> ConcreteImplementorA();</span><br><span class="line">		Abstraction abstraction = <span class="keyword">new</span> RefinedAbstraction(concreteImplementorA);</span><br><span class="line">		abstraction.operation();</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>输出</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ConcreteImplementorA</span><br><span class="line">refined operation</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<h2 id="桥接模式的应用场景"><a href="#桥接模式的应用场景" class="headerlink" title="桥接模式的应用场景"></a>桥接模式的应用场景</h2><p>当一个类内部具备两种或多种变化维度时，使用桥接模式可以解耦这些变化的维度，使高层代码架构稳定。</p>
<p>桥接模式适用于以下几种业务场景：</p>
<p>1、在抽象和具体实现之间需要增加更多的灵活性的场景。</p>
<p>2、一个类存在两个（或多个）独立变化的维度，而这两个（或多个）维度都需要独立进行扩展。 </p>
<p>3、不希望使用继承，或因为多层继承导致系统类的个数剧增。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注：桥接模式的一个常用使用场景就是为了替换继承。继承拥有很多优点，比如抽象，封装，多态等，父类封装共性，子类实现特性。继承可以很好地帮助我们实现代码复用（封装）的功能，但是同时，这也是继承的一大缺点。因为父类拥有的方法，子类也会继承得到，无论子类需不需要，这说明了继承具备强侵入性（父类代码侵入子类），同时会导致子类臃肿….因此，在设计模式中，有一个原则为：优先使用组合/聚合的方式，而不是继承。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="桥接模式在源码中的应用"><a href="#桥接模式在源码中的应用" class="headerlink" title="桥接模式在源码中的应用"></a>桥接模式在源码中的应用</h2><p>大家非常熟悉的JDBCAPI，其中有一个Driver类就是桥接对象。我们都知道，我们在使用的时候通过Class.forName（方法可以动态加载各个数据库厂商实现的Driver类。</p>
<p>具体客户端应用代码如下，以MySQL的实现为例：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">//1.加载驱动</span></span><br><span class="line">Class.forName(<span class="string">"com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"</span>);<span class="comment">//反射机制加载驱动类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//2.获取连接Connection</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//主机：端口号/微据库名</span></span><br><span class="line">connection conn= DriverManager.getconnection(<span class="string">"jdbc:mysql://localhost:33e6/test"</span>,<span class="string">"root"</span>,<span class="string">"root"</span>); </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//3.得到执行sql语句的对象Statement</span></span><br><span class="line">statement stmt = conn.createstatement();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//4.执行sql语句，并返回结果</span></span><br><span class="line">Resultset rs = stmt.executeQuery(<span class="string">"select *from table"</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>



<p>Driver在JDBC中并没有做任何实现，具体的功能实现由各厂商完成，我们以MySQL的实现为例。 </p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Driver</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">NonRegisteringpriver</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title">java</span>.<span class="title">sql</span>.<span class="title">Driver</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title">Driver</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> sQLexception </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="keyword">try</span>&#123; </span><br><span class="line">    DriverManager.registeroriver(<span class="keyword">new</span> Driver());</span><br><span class="line">  &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (SQLException var1) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> RuntimeException(<span class="string">"Can't register driver!"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<p>当执行<code>Class.forName(&quot;com.myqljdbc.Driver&quot;)</code>方法的时候，就会执行com.mysql.jdbc.Driver这个类的静态块中的代码。而静态块中的代码只是调用了一下<code>DriverManager的registerDriver()</code>方法然后将Driver对象注册到DriverManager中，DriverManager就是桥，连接各个数据库厂商的具体实现。</p>
<h2 id="桥接模式的优缺点"><a href="#桥接模式的优缺点" class="headerlink" title="桥接模式的优缺点"></a>桥接模式的优缺点</h2><p>桥接模式遵循了里氏替换原则和依赖倒置原则，最终实现了开闭原则，对修改关闭，对扩展开放。</p>
<p>这里将桥接模式的优缺点总结如下</p>
<p>优点：</p>
<p>1、分离抽象部分及其具体实现部分</p>
<p>2、提高了系统的扩展性</p>
<p>3、符合开闭原则</p>
<p>4、符合合成复用原则</p>
<p>缺点：</p>
<p>1、增加了系统的理解与设计难度</p>
<p>2、需要正确地识别系统中两个独立变化的维度</p>
 
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